Novel galectoside inhibitors of galectins

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel compounds prepared from readily accessible 3-O-propargyl-D-galactopyranoside derivatives and having an effect as i.a., galectin inhibitors, the use of said compounds as a medicament as well as for the manufacture of a medicament for treatment of disorders relating to the binding of galectin to ligands in a mammal, wherein said galectin is preferably a galectin-3. The novel compounds are defined by the general formula (I).

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to novel compounds, the use of said compounds as medicament and for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of any disorder relating to the binding of a galectin to a ligand in mammals. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising said novel compounds.

BACKGROUND ART

Galectins are proteins with a characteristic carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) (Barondes et al., 1994; Leffler et al., 2004). This is a tightly folded β-sandwich of about 130 amino acids (about 15 kDa) with the two defining features 1) a β-galactose binding site and 2) sufficient similarity in a sequence motif of about seven amino acids, most of which (about six residues) make up the β-galactose binding site. However, sites adjacent to the β-galactose site are required for tight binding of natural saccharides and different preferences of these give galectins different fine specificity for natural saccharides.

The recent completion of the human, mouse and rat genome sequences reveal about 15 galectins and galectin-like proteins in one mammalian genome with slight variation between species (Leffler et al., 2004)

Galectin subunits can contain either one or two CRDs within a single peptide chain. The first category, mono-CRDs galectins, can occur as monomers or dimers (two types) in vertebrates. The by far best studied galectins are the dimeric galectin-1, and galectin-3 that is a monomer in solution but may aggregate and become multimeric upon encounter with ligands (Leffler et al., 2004). These were the first discovered galectins and are abundant in many tissues.

There are now over 3500 publications on galectins in PubMed, with most, as mentioned above, about galectins-1 (>900) and -3 (>1600). Strong evidence suggests roles for galectins in e.g. inflammation and cancer, and development recently reviewed in a special issue (Leffler (editor), 2004b).

Galectins are synthesized as cytosolic proteins, without a signal peptide on free ribosomes. Their N-terminus is acetylated, a typical modification of cytosolic proteins, and they reside in the cytosol for a long time (not typical of secreted proteins). From there they can be targeted to the nucleus, specific cytososlic sites, or secreted (induced or constitutively) by a non-classical (non-ER-Golgi) pathway, as yet unknown, but possibly similar to the export of e.g. IL-1 (Leffler et al., 2004). They can also function in all these compartments; for galectin-3, solid evidence published in well respected journals support roles in RNA splicing in the nucleus, inhibition of apoptosis in the cytosol, and a variety of extracellular effects on cell signaling and adhesion (Leffler (editor), 2004b). Galectin-7 and -12 also act in the cytosol by enhancing apoptosis and regulating the cell cycle and differentiation in certain cells (Hsu and Liu in Leffler (editor), 2004b). Most galectins act also extracellularly by cross-linking glycoproteins (e.g. laminin, integrins, and IgE receptors) possibly forming supramolecular ordered arrays (Brewer et al., 2002) and may thereby modulate cell adhesion and induce intracellular signals. Related to this, recent years have seen the emergence of a molecular mechanism of these galectin functions involving a formation of microdomains (lattices) within membranes, (Dam et al., 2008; Garner et al., 2008) which in turn affects intracellular trafficking and cell surface presentation of glycoprotein receptors. (Delacour et al., 2007; Lau et al., 2007; Lau et al. 2008) This has been documented in cell culture, in null mutant mice, (Blois et al., 2007; Gedronneau et al., 2008; Thijssen et al., 2007; Toscano et al., 2007; Saegusa et al., 2009) and animals treated with galectin (Blois et al., 2007; Perone et al., 2009) or galectin inhibitors.(John et al., 2003; Pienta et al., 1995; Glinsky et al., 1996)

Potential Therapeutic Use of Galectin-3 Inhibitors

Galectin-3 has been implicated in diverse phenomena and, hence, inhibitors may have multiple uses. It is easy to perceive this as a lack of specificity or lack of scientific focus. Therefore, the analogy with aspirin and the cyclooxygenases (COX-I and II) is useful. The COXs produce the precursor of a wide variety of prostaglandins and, hence, are involved in a diverse array of biological mechanisms. Their inhibitors, aspirin and other NSAIDs (non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs), also have broad and diverse effects. Despite this, these inhibitors are very useful medically, and they have several different specific utilities.

So if galectins, like COXs, are part of some basic biological regulatory mechanism (as yet unknown), they are likely to be ‘used by nature’ for different purpose in different contexts. Galectin inhibitors, like NSAIDs, are not expected to wipe out the whole system, but to tilt the balance a bit.

Inhibition of Inflammation

A pro-inflammatory role of galectin-3 is indicated by its induction in cells at inflammatory sites, a variety of effects on immune cells (e.g. oxidative burst in neutrophils and chemotaxis in monocytes), and decrease of the inflammatory response, mainly in neutrophils and macrophages, in null mutant mice (in Leffler (editor), 2004b). Moreover, knock-out mice of Mac-2BP, a galectin-3 ligand, have increased inflammatory responses (Trahey et al., 1999). Importantly, recent studies have identified galectin-3 as a key rate-limiting factor in macrophage M2 differentiation and myofibroblast activation, which influences the development of fibrosis (Mackinnon et al., 2008; Mackinnon et al., 2012).

Inflammation is a protective response of the body to invading organisms and tissue injury. However, if unbalanced, frequently it is also destructive and occurs as part of the pathology in many diseases. Because of this, there is great medical interest in pharmacological modulation of inflammation. A galectin-3 inhibitor is expected to provide an important addition to the arsenal available for this.

Treatment of Fibrosis-Related Conditions

The idea of a possible role of galectin-3 in fibrosis comes from cell and ex vivo studies on macrophage differentiation (Mackinnon et al., 2008), as well as from in vivo studies on macrophage differentiation and myofibroblast activation (Mackinnon et al., 2012). Briefly, the hypothesis is as follows: Galectin-3 has been shown to prolong cell surface residence and thus enhance responsiveness of the TGF-β receptor (Partridge et al., 2004), which in turn regulates alternative macrophage differentiation into M2 macrophages and myofibroblast activation. Hence, as galectin-3 is a good candidate for being an endogenous enhancer of TGF-β signaling and alternative macrophage differentiation and myofibroblast activation, galectin-3 inhibitors may be very useful in treating fibrosis and adverse tissue remodeling.

Treatment of Cancer

A large number of immunohistochemical studies show changed expression of certain galectins in cancer (van den Brule et. al. and Bidon et al. in Leffler (editor), 2004b) and for example galectin-3 is now an established histochemical marker of thyroid cancer. The direct evidence for a role of galectin-3 in cancer comes from mouse models, mainly by Raz et al, but also others (in Leffler (editor), 2004b). In paired tumor cell lines (with decreased or increased expression of galectin-3), the induction of galectin-3 gives more tumors and metastasis and suppression of galectin-3 gives less tumors and metastasis. Galectin-3 has been proposed to enhance tumor growth by being anti-apoptotic, promote angiogenesis, or to promote metastasis by affecting cell adhesion. From the above it is clear that inhibitors of galectin-3 might have valuable anti-cancer effects. Indeed, saccharides claimed but not proven to inhibit galectin-3 have been reported to have anti-cancer effects. In our own study a fragment of galectin-3 containing the CRD inhibited breast cancer in a mouse model by acting as a dominant negative inhibitor (John et al., 2003). More recently, inhibition of galectin-3 with small molecules have been demonstrated to indeed greatly enhance tumor cell sensitivity towards radiation and standard pro-apoptotic drugs in cell assays and ex vivo (Lin et al., 2009), as well as in vivo (Glinsky et al., 2009).

Also galectin-1 is frequently over-expressed in low differentiated cancer cells, and galectin-9 or its relatives galectin-4 and galectin-8 may be induced in specific cancer types (Huflejt and Leffler, 2004; Leffler (editor), 2004b). Galectin-1 induces apoptosis in activated T-cells and has a remarkable immunosuppressive effect on autoimmune disease in vivo (Rabinovich et al; and Pace et al. in Leffler (editor), 2004b). Therefore, the over-expression of these galectins in cancers might help the tumor to defend itself against the T-cell response raised by the host.

Null mutant mice for galectins-1 and -3 have been established many years ago (Poirier, 2002). These are healthy and reproduce apparently normally in animal house conditions. However, recent studies have revealed subtle phenotypes in function of neutrophils and macrophages (as described above) and in bone formation for galectin-3 null mutants, and in nerve and muscle cell regeneration/differentiation for the galectin-1 null mutants (Leffler et al., 2004; Poirier, 2002; Watt in Leffler (editor), 2004b). Recently galectin-7 and galectin-9 null mutant mice have been generated and are also grossly healthy in animal house conditions, but have not yet been analyzed in detail. The differences in site of expression, specificity and other properties make it unlikely that different galectins can replace each other functionally. The observations in the null mutant mice would indicate that galectins are not essential for basic life supporting functions as can be observed in normal animal house conditions. Instead they may be optimizers of normal function and/or essential in stress conditions not found in animal house conditions. The lack of strong effect in null mutant mice may make galectin inhibitors more favorable as drugs. If galectin activity contributes to pathological conditions as suggested above but less to normal conditions, then inhibition of them will have less unwanted side effects.

Treatment of Angiogenesis

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) signaling through VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) is the primary angiogenic pathway. Studies have been published demonstrating that both galectin-1 (Gal-1) and galectin-3 (Gal-3) are important modulators for VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling pathway. It has also been published that a galectin inhibitor, TDX, is expected have efficacy against pathological angiogenesis. (Chen 2012)

Known Inhibitors Natural Ligands

Solid phase binding assays and inhibition assays have identified a number of saccharides and glycoconjugates with the ability to bind galectins (reviewed by Leffler, 2001 and Leffler et al., 2004). All galectins bind lactose with a K_(d) of 0.5-1 mM. The affinity of D-galactose is 50-100 times lower. N-Acetyllactosamine and related disaccharides bind about as well as lactose, but for certain galectins, they can bind either worse or up to 10 times better. The best small saccharide ligands for galectin-3 were those carrying blood group A-determinants attached to lactose or LacNAc-residues and were found to bind up to about 50 times better than lactose. Galectin-1 shows no preference for these saccharides.

Larger saccharides of the polylactosamine type have been proposed as preferred ligands for galectins. In solution, using polylactosamine-carrying glycopeptides, there was evidence for this for galectin-3, but not galectin-1 (Leffler and Barondes, 1986). A modified plant pectin polysaccharide has been reported to bind galectin-3 (Pienta et al., 1995).

The above-described natural saccharides that have been identified as galectin-3 ligands are not suitable for use as active components in pharmaceutical compositions, because they are susceptible to acidic hydrolysis in the stomach and to enzymatic degradation. In addition, natural saccharides are hydrophilic in nature, and are not readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration.

Galectin Specificity

The studies of galectin specificity using inhibition by small natural saccharides mentioned above indicated that all galectins bound lactose, LacNAc and related disaccharides, but that galectin-3 bound certain longer saccharides much better (Leffler and Barondes, 1986). These longer saccharides were characterized by having an additional sugar residue added to the C-3 position of galactose (in e.g. lactose or LacNAc) that bound an extended binding groove. The shape of this groove varies between galectins, suggesting that the same extensions would not be bound equally by the different galectins.

Synthetic Inhibitors

Saccharides coupled to amino acids with anti-cancer activity were first identified as natural compounds in serum, but subsequently, synthetic analogues have been made (Glinsky et al., 1996). Among them, those with lactose or galactose coupled to the amino acid inhibit galectins, but only with about the same potency as the corresponding underivatized sugar. A chemically modified form of citrus pectin (Platt and Raz, 1992) that inhibits galectin-3 shows anti-tumor activity in vivo (Pienta et al., 1995; Nangia-Makker et al., 2002).

Cluster molecules having up to four lactose moieties showed a strong multivalency effect when binding to galectin-3, but not to galectin-1 and galectin-5 (Vrasidas et al., 2003). Cyclodextrin-based glycoclusters with seven galactose, lactose, or N-acetyllactosamine residues also showed a strong multivalency effect against galectin-3, but less so against galectins-1 and -7 (André et al., 2004). Starburst dendrimers (André et al., 1999) and glycopolymers (Pohl et al., 1999; David et al., 2004), made polyvalent in lactose-residues, have been described as galectin-3 inhibitors with marginally improved potency as compared to lactose. The aforementioned synthetic compounds that have been identified as galectin-3 ligands are not suitable for use as active components in pharmaceutical compositions, because they are hydrophilic in nature and are not readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration.

Natural oligosaccharides, glycoclusters, glycodendrimers, and glycopolymers described above are too polar and too large to be absorbed and in some cases are large enough to produce immune responses in patients. Furthermore, they are susceptible to acidic hydrolysis in the stomach and to enzymatic hydrolysis. Thus, there is a need for small synthetic molecules

Thiodigalactoside is known to be a synthetic and hydrolytically stable, yet polar inhibitor, approximately as efficient as N-acetyllactosamine (Leffler and Barondes, 1986). N-Acetyllactosamine derivatives carrying aromatic amides or substituted benzyl ethers at C-3′ have been demonstrated to be highly efficient inhibitors of galectin-3, with unprecedented IC₅₀ values as low as 4.8 μM, which is a 20-fold improvement in comparison with the natural N-acetyllactosamine disaccharide (Sörme et al., 2002; Sörme et al., 2003b). These derivatives are less polar overall, due to the presence of the aromatic amido moieties and are thus more suitable as agents for the inhibition of galectins in vivo. Furthermore, C3-triazolyl galactosides have been demonstrated to be as potent inhibitors as the corresponding C3-amides of some galectins. Hence, any properly structured galactose C3-substituent may confer enhanced galectin affinity.

However, the C3-amido- and C3-triazolyl-derivatised compounds are still susceptible to hydrolytic degradation in vivo, due to the presence of a glycosidic bond in the galactose and N-acetyllactosamine saccharide moiety and, although they are potent small molecule inhibitors of galectin-3, even further improved affinity and stability is desirable. Accordingly, inhibitors based on 3,3′-diamido- or 3,3′-ditriazolyl-derivatization of thiodigalactoside have been developed, (Cumpstey et al., 2005b; Cumpstey et al., 2008; Salameh et al., 2010; WO/2005/113569 and US2007185041; WO/2005/113568, U.S. Pat. No. 7,638,623 B2) which lack O-glycosidic hydrolytically and enzymatically labile linkages. These inhibitors also displayed superior affinity for several galectins (down to Kd in the low nM range). Nevertheless, although displaying high affinity for galectins, the 3,3′-derivatized thiodigalactosides still comprise a disadvantage in their multistep synthesis involving double inversion reaction to reach at 3-N-derivatized galactose building blocks. Furthermore, cyclohexane replacement of one galactose ring in thiodigalactoside has been evidenced to mimic the galactose ring and hence to provide galectin-1 and -3 inhibitors with efficiency approaching those of the diamido- and ditriazolyl-thiodigalactoside derivatives (WO/2010/126435). Replacement of a D-galactopyranose unit with a substituted cyclohexane decreases polarity and most likely also metabolic susceptibility, thus improving drug-like properties.

Some earlier described compounds have the following general formulas

as described in WO/2005/113568, and

as described in WO/2005/113569, in which R¹ can be a D-galactose, and

as described in WO/2010/126435.

Thus, due to the less than optimal manufacturing processes towards galactose 3-N-derivatization (Z and Y are preferably nitrogen atoms) involving double inversion reactions at a complex protected D-galactopyranose derivative of the compounds of the prior art, there is still a considerable need within the art of inhibitors against galectins, in particular of galectin-1 and galectin-3.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Therefore the present invention relates to compounds that are easily manufactured via 3-O-propargyl-galactose derivatives, carry coumarylmethyl moieties at positions O3- and O3′- of thiodigalactoside I and possess galectin-binding activity comparable to compounds known from prior art.

The compounds disclosed herein have the general formula (I)

wherein:

R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl groups, halogens, optionally substituted alkoxy groups of at least 1 carbon, hydroxyl group, substituted carbonyl groups, optionally substituted acyloxy groups, and optionally substituted amino groups. Two, three, four or five of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ in adjacent positions may be linked to form one or more rings, wherein the remaining of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ is/are independently selected from the above group.

As evident from structure (I) the configuration of the pyranose rings is β-D-galacto.

The present invention also relates to the above mentioned compounds for use as medicaments.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more of the above mentioned compounds and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent, excipient and/or carrier.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to the above mentioned compounds for use in the treatment of a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin to a ligand in a mammal.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to the above mentioned compounds for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin to a ligand in a mammal.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to methods for treatment of a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin to a ligand in a mammal, wherein a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound according to any one of the claims 1-4 is administered to a mammal in need of said treatment.

The compounds herein disclosed are mainly galectin-3 inhibitors. However, to some extent at least some of them are also inhibitors of other galectins.

Design of Coumaryl-Substituted Thiodigalactosides as Galectin Inhibitors

Prior art describes different means of attaching affinity-enhancing structural moieties to 3- and 3′-positions of thiodigalactoside. Moieties described are linked via O or N to the thiodigalactoside. However, in order to achieve high affinity for galectins, and galectin-3 in particular, these structural moieties should be aromatic groups linked via N (amide bond or triazolyl ring) to 3- and 3′-positions of thiodigalactoside (Cumpstey et al., 2005b; Cumpstey et al., 2008; Salameh et al., 2010; WO2005113569/US2007185041; WO2005113568, U.S. Pat. No. 7,638,623 B2). Structural moieties linked via O provide inhibitory effects, but with lower affinities (Delaine et al., 2008). The requirement of linking via N to 3- and 3′-positions of thiodigalactoside results in non-optimal prolonged synthetic sequences for introducing the N atom at to 3- and 3′-positions of thiodigalactoside. We have discovered that more easily accessible O-linked structural moieties at 3- and 3′-positions of thiodigalactoside can be obtained via attachment of O-propargyl groups to 3- and 3′-positions of thiodigalactoside. O-Propargyl groups can be converted with known efficient chemical transformations into different heterocyclic aromatic ring systems. Transformation of 3-O-propargyl groups at galactopyranose derivative into coumarylmethyl structures, followed by implementation on a thiodigalactoside formation indeed gave inhibitors with efficiencies in the same range of the prior art 3,3′-diamido- and 3,3′-triazolyl-thiodigalactosides. This is unexpected, because prior art O3- and O3′-linked thiodigalactosides were much less efficient than N-linked derivatives. The unexpected efficiency is apparently due to optimal properties of the substituted (hetero)bicyclic moieties (coumarylmethyl) obtained from a readily accessible O-propargyl-carrying precursor molecule.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

According to one aspect of the invention, As mentioned above, R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl groups, halogens, optionally substituted alkoxy groups of at least 1 carbon, hydroxyl group, substituted carbonyl groups, optionally substituted acyloxy groups, and optionally substituted amino groups.

In the present disclosure, the term “alkyl group” relates to an alkyl group containing 1-7 carbon atoms, which may include one or more unsaturated carbon atoms. In some embodiments the alkyl group contains 1-4 carbon atoms, which may include one or more unsaturated carbon atoms. The carbon atoms in the alkyl group may form a straight or branched chain. The carbon atoms in said alkyl group may also form a cycle containing 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 carbon atoms. Thus, the term “alkyl group” used herein encompasses methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, 3-methylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, n-heptyl, 2-methylhexyl, 2,2-dimethylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and 1-methylcyclopropyl.

As mentioned above, if one or more of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ is/are an alkyl group, this alkyl group may optionally be substituted. If several of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are alkyl groups, they are optionally substituted independently of each other. This optional substitution means that the alkyl groups may substituted with one, two or more substituents known within the art of organic chemistry. Examples of substituents that may be used for the optionally substituted alkyl groups as herein disclosed are halogen, alkoxy, nitro, sulfo, amino, hydroxy, and carbonyl groups.

In the present disclosure, the term “halogen” refers to a fluoro, a chloro, a bromo or an iodo group.

In the present disclosure, the term “alkoxy group” relates to an alkoxy group containing 1-7 carbon atoms, which may include one or more unsaturated carbon atoms. In some embodiments the alkoxy group contains 1-4 carbon atoms, which may include one or more unsaturated carbon atoms. Thus the term “alkoxy group” encompasses a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, a isopropoxy group, a n-butoxy group, a sec-butoxy group, tert-butoxy group, pentoxy group, isopentoxy group, 3-methylbutoxy group, 2,2-dimethylpropoxy group, n-hexoxy group, 2-methylpentoxy group, 2,2-dimethylbutoxy group 2,3-dimethylbutoxy group, n-heptoxy group, 2-methylhexoxy group, 2,2-dimethylpentoxy group, 2,3-dimethylpentoxy group, cyclopropoxy group, cyclobutoxy group, cyclopentyloxy group, cyclohexyloxy group, cycloheptyloxy group, and 1-methylcyclopropyloxy group.

As mentioned above, if one or more of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ is/are an alkoxy group, this alkyl group may optionally be substituted. If several of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are alkoxy groups, they are optionally substituted independently of each other. This optional substitution means that the alkoxy groups may substituted with one, two or more substituents known within the art of organic chemistry. Examples of substituents that may be used for the optionally substituted alkoxy groups as herein disclosed are halogen, alkoxy, amino, hydroxy, and carbonyl groups.

As mentioned above, one or more of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ may be a substituted carbonyl group. Each carbonyl group may be substituted with a substituent known within the art of organic chemistry. Examples of substituents that may be used for the substituted carbonyl groups as herein disclosed are hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, phenyl, amino, alkoxy, and hydroxyl groups. Said carbonyl group may also incorporate a bi- to polycyclic structures comprising 9-14 carbon atoms, such as 10 carbon atoms. Thus the expression “a substituted carbonyl” in accordance with this disclosure encompasses any of benzoyl, naphthoyl and the like.

In the present disclosure, the term “acyloxy group” relates to a group containing 1-7 carbon atoms, which may include one or more unsaturated carbon atoms. In some embodiments the acyloxy group contains 1-4 carbon atoms, which may include one or more unsaturated carbon atoms. Thus the term “acyloxy group” encompasses an acetoxy group, a propioxy group and the like.

As mentioned above, if one or more of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ is/are an acyloxy group, this acyloxy group may optionally be substituted. If several of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are acyloxy groups, they are optionally substituted independently of each other. This optional substitution means that the acyloxy groups may substituted with one, two or more substituents known within the art of organic chemistry. Examples of substituents that may be used for the optionally substituted acyloxy groups as herein disclosed are halogen, alkoxy, amino, hydroxy, and carbonyl groups. Halogen substituents are bromo, fluoro, iodo, and chloro.

As mentioned above, if one or more of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ is/are an amino group, this amino group may optionally be substituted. If several of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are amino groups, they are optionally substituted independently of each other. This optional substitution means that the amino groups may be substituted with one, two or more substituents known within the art of organic chemistry. Examples of substituents that may be used for the optionally substituted amino groups as herein disclosed are alkyl, carbonyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and phenyl groups. Said amino group may also incorporate a bi- to polycyclic structures comprising 9-14 carbon atoms, such as 10 carbon atoms. Thus the term substituted amino group will mean any of benzamido, cyclohexylamino, phenylamino and the like.

Furthermore, two, three, four or five of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ in adjacent positions may be linked to form one or more rings, wherein the remaining of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ is/are independently selected from the above group Such rings may be aliphatic or aromatic and contain heteroatoms. Examples of such rings are benzene, piperidine, cyclopentane, and naphthalene rings. In some embodiments R² and R³ form a benzene ring.

In some embodiments at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ is, independently of the other of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵, hydrogen. Thus one, two, three, four or all of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ may be hydrogen.

In some embodiments at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of halogens. Thus, one, two, three, four or all of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ may be a halogen.

In some embodiments at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkoxy groups. Thus, one, two, three, four or all of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ may be an optionally substituted alkoxy group.

In some embodiments at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ is independently hydroxyl group. Thus, one, two, three, four or all of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ may be a hydroxyl group.

In some embodiments at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted carbonyl groups. Thus, one, two, three, four or all of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ may be an optionally substituted carbonyl group.

In some embodiments at least one of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting optionally substituted amino groups. Thus, one, two, three, four or all of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ may be an optionally substituted amino group.

In some embodiments, the compound of general formula (I) have a K_(d) against galectin-3 that is less than (i.e. <) 1 μM. In this context, the K_(d) value is measured in accordance with the test described in Sorme et al, 2003a, 2004.

In some embodiments R⁵ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R² is fluoro while each of R¹, R³, R⁴ and R⁵ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R³ is fluoro while each of R¹, R², R⁴ and R⁵ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R³ is a hydroxyl group while each of R¹, R², R⁴ and R⁵ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R⁴ is a hydroxyl group while each of R¹, R², R³ and R⁵ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments both R² and R³ are fluoro, while each of R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments both R³ and R⁴ are fluoro, while each of R¹, R² and R⁵ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R² is chloro while each of R¹, R³, R⁴, and R⁵ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments R² and R³ are linked to form a benzene ring, while each of R¹, R⁴, and R⁵ is hydrogen.

In some embodiments, all of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ in general formula (I) are hydrogen.

In some embodiments, the compound is bis-{3-O-[(2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane (20).

In some embodiments, the compound is bis-{3-O-[(7-chloro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane (21).

In some embodiments, the compound is bis-{3-O-[(7-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (22).

In some embodiments, the compound is bis-{3-O-[(7-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (23).

In some embodiments, the compound is bis-{3-O-[(6-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (24).

In some embodiments, the compound is bis-{3-O-[(3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran-3-on-2-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane (25).

In some embodiments, the compound is bis-{3-O-[(6-tert-butyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (26).

In some embodiments, the compound is bis-{3-O-[(6-chloro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (27).

In some embodiments, the compound is bis-{3-O-[(6-fluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (28).

In some embodiments, the compound is bis-{3-O-[(6,7-difluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (29).

In some embodiments, the compound is bis-{3-O-[(5-chloro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane (30).

In some embodiments, the compound is bis-{3-O-[(5-fluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (31).

In some embodiments, the compound is bis-{3-O-[(5,6-difluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (32).

In some embodiments, the compound is bis-{3-O-[(6-trifluoromethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (33). In some embodiments, the compound is bis-{3-O-[(7-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (34).

As mentioned above, the pharmaceutical compositions as herein disclosed may, in addition to the compounds herein disclosed, further comprise at least one pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent, excipient and/or carrier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise from 1 to 99 weight % of said at least one pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent, excipient and/or carrier and from 1 to 99 weight % of a compound as herein disclosed. The combined amount of the active ingredient and of the pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent, excipient and/or carrier may not constitute more than 100% by weight of the pharmaceutical composition.

As mentioned above, the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions herein disclosed may be used for treatment of a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin to a ligand in a mammal.

When the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions herein disclosed are used for the above treatment and/or inhibition, a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound is administered to a mammal in need of said treatment.

The term “treatment” used herein relates to both treatment in order to cure or alleviate a disease or a condition, and to treatment in order to prevent the development of a disease or a condition. The treatment may either be performed in an acute or in a chronic way.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” relates to an amount that will lead to the desired therapeutic effect.

In some embodiments, the disorder relating to the binding of a galectin to a ligand in a mammal is a disorder dependent on galectin expression.

In this context the term “ligand” relates to a ligand, receptor and/or similar structure to which the galectin binds. Such ligand, receptor and/or similar structure can for example be a glycolipid, a glycoprotein or a proteoglycan.

In some embodiments, the galectin is galectin-3.

In some embodiments, the mammal mentioned above is a human.

In some embodiments the mammal is a human that has been found to have a high level of galectin-3. This may have been detected by using a proprietary or a commercially available test, such as an ELISA or similar antibody based detection system suitable for measurement of galectin-3 in fluids or tissues from said mammal. Galectin-3 levels can be quantitated by performing an immunoassay. A galectin-3 immunoassay involves contacting a sample from a subject to be tested with an appropriate antibody under conditions such that immunospecific binding can occur if galectin-3 is present, and detecting or measuring the amount of any immunospecific binding by the anti-body. Any suitable immunoassay can be used, including, without limitation, competitive and non-competitive assay systems using techniques such as Western blots, radioimmuno-assays, immunohistochemistry, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), “sandwich” immunoassays, immunoprecipitation assays, immunodiffusion assays, agglutination assays, complement-fixation assays, immunoradiometric assays, fluorescent immunoassays and protein A immunoassays. The most common enzyme immunoassay is the “Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).” ELISA is a technique for detecting and measuring the concentration of an antigen using a labeled (e.g., enzyme-linked) form of the antibody. There are different forms of ELISA, which are well known to those skilled in the art. Standard ELISA techniques are described in “Methods in Immunodiagnosis”, 2nd Edition, Rose and Bigazzi, eds. John Wiley & Sons, 1980; Campbell et al., “Methods and Immunology”, W. A. Benjamin, Inc., 1964; and Oellerich, M. (1984), J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 22:895-904. A preferred enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (ELISA) for detecting galectin-3 is commercially available (BG Medicine, Waltham, Mass.).

In some embodiments, the disorder relating to the binding of a galectin to a ligand in a mammal is an inflammatory disorder or disease. Examples of such inflammatory disorder or diseases that may be treated according to the invention, or with the compound or pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, are IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease), ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, multiple sclerosis.

In some embodiments, the disorder relating to the binding of a galectin to a ligand in a mammal is fibrosis, which may also be denoted fibrotic diseases, conditions or disorders. Example of fibrotic diseases that may be treated according to the invention, or with the compound or pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, are pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis and kidney fibrosis; fibrosis of the heart and heart failure caused by fibrosis, fibrosis of the eye (i.e. ophtamological fibrosis), post-injury fibrosis, post-surgical fibrosis, radiation induced fibrosis, fibrosis associated with inflammatory conditions, fibrosis of the gut, peritoneal fibrosis and fibrosis in any organ compromising the normal function of said organ. One example of pulmonary fibrosis that may be treated according to the invention, or with the compound or pharmaceutical composition according to the invention is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

In some embodiments, the disorder relating to the binding of a galectin to a ligand in a mammal is septic shock.

In some embodiments, the disorder relating to the binding of a galectin to a ligand in a mammal is cancer, including cancer metastases.

In some embodiments, the disorder relating to the binding of a galectin to a ligand in a mammal is an autoimmune disease. Examples of autoimmune diseases that may be treated according to the invention, or with the compound or pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, are rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

In some embodiments, the disorder relating to the binding of a galectin to a ligand in a mammal is a metabolic disorder. One examples of metabolic disorder that may be treated according to the invention, or with the compound or pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, is diabetes.

In some embodiments, the disorder relating to the binding of a galectin to a ligand in a mammal is heart disease or heart failure.

In some embodiments, the disorder relating to the binding of a galectin to a ligand in a mammal is pathological angiogenesis. Examples of pathological angiogenesis that may be treated according to the invention, or with the compound or pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, are ocular angiogenesis, disease or conditions associated with ocular angiogenesis and cancer.

In some embodiments, the disorder relating to the binding of a galectin to a ligand in a mammal is an eye disease. Examples of eye disease that may be treated according to the invention, or with the compound or pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, are ocular angiogenesis and disease or conditions associated with ocular angiogenesis, as mentioned above, and also related macular degeneration and corneal neovascularization.

In some embodiments only one compound as herein disclosed is used for the purposes discussed above.

In some embodiments two or more of the compound as herein disclosed are used in combination for the purposes discussed above.

The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention comprising a compound of the invention may be adapted for oral, intravenous, topical, intraperitoneal, nasal, buccal, sublingual, or subcutaneous administration, or for administration via the respiratory tract in the form of, for example, an aerosol or an air-suspended fine powder, or, for administration via the eye, intra-ocularly, intravitreally or corneally. Therefore, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be in the form of, for example, tablets, capsules, powders, solutions for injection, solutions for spraying, ointments, transdermal patches or suppositories. Alternatively, in particular for treatment of different diseases or disorders affecting the eye, the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may be in the form of eye drops, eye gels, eye sprays or eye patches.

The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may optionally comprise two or more compounds of the present invention. The composition may also be used together with other medicaments within the art for the treatment of related disorders.

The typical dosages of the compounds of the present invention vary within a wide range and depend on many factors, such as the route of administration, the requirement of the individual in need of treatment, the individual's body weight, age and general condition.

The adjuvants, diluents, excipients and/or carriers that may be used in the composition of the invention must be pharmaceutically acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the compounds and the other ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition, and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. It is preferred that the compositions shall not contain any material that may cause an adverse reaction, such as an allergic reaction. The adjuvants, diluents, excipients and carriers that may be used in the pharmaceutical composition of the invention are well known to a person within the art.

EXAMPLES Synthesis of Coumaryl-Substituted Thiodigalactosides

The coumaryl-substituted thiodigalactosides were synthesized from known phenyl 3-O-propargyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside 1 (Giguere et al., 2006) as shown in scheme 1.

Evaluation of K_(d) Values Against Galectin-3

Compounds 20-34 were evaluated for their efficiency in inhibiting galectin-1 and galectin-3 in a known fluorescence polarization-based assay (Sorme et al., 2003a, 2004) (see also Table 1 below). The known galectin inhibitors methyl β-D-galactoside and thiodigalactoside were included as reference compounds. Indeed, all compounds were potent inhibitors of galectin-1 and galectin-3 with dissociation constant in the low μM or nM range. This evidences that a synthetically simple and properly structured coumaryl substituents on O3 and O3′ of thiodigalactoside show inhibitory efficiencies in the range of comparable 3-N-substituted and synthetically earlier known compounds (3,3′-amido-thiodigalctosides; such as the closely related 36) and significantly better that the comparable earlier known best 3-O-substituted compounds (3,3′-diester thiodigalactoside 35) when evaluated in the same assay.

The unexpectedly high inhibitor potency of 20, 23-24, and 28-32, in the range of the best prior art, together with the significantly simplified synthetic route via easily accessible 3-O-propargyl-galactose derivatives, render the 3-O-coumaryl-substituted thiodigalactosides suitable as active components in pharmaceutical compositions targeting conditions where galectin-3 plays a pathogenic role.

TABLE 1 Affinity of compounds for galectin-1,3,7,8 (N-terminal domain), and 9 (N-terminal domain) Calculated Kd (μM) Galectin 4 4 8 9 9 (N- (C- (N- (N- (C- Cpd terminal terminal terminal terminal terminal # Structure 1 3 domain) domain) 7 domain) domain) domain)

>10000 4400 6600 >10000 4800 5200 3400 5000

24 49 440 940 160 61 38 44 20

15.4 0.25 49 156 3.9 11 1.7 2.4 21

21 4.7 na* na 61 74 140 na 22

9.9 0.89 130 >500 37 85 13 ≈4.0 23

3.9 0.076 32 >300 na 40 1.5 na 24

20 0.15 180 >300 na 140 8.9 na 25

22 0.51 110 >300 na >300 4.7 na 26

25 8.1 >1000 >>1000 na 62 39 17 27

7.9 6.0 430 100 na 34 >200 86 28

3.4 0.097 180 >>1000 na 47 3.5 7.9 29

1.6 0.11 44 220 na 19 3.0 2.3 30

25 0.17 55 >>1000 na 28 54 16 31

8.7 0.061 46 540 na 28 7.0 5.5 32

3.9 0.032 22 >500 na 41 1.1 1.5 33

84 0.95 >500 >500 na 110 29 21 34

200 9.4 >500 >500 na >700 >200 >500 35

14.7 10.7 na na 48 100 2.8 na 36

9.6 0.16 na na 1.7 >100 0.73 na *na = not available; > = more than; >> = much more than; ≈ = approximately

Methodology/Experimental General Synthetic Procedures

The compounds as herein disclosed may be prepared by the below mentioned general methods and procedures. The galectin-1 assays galectin-3 assays, galectin-7 assays, galectin-8 assays and galectin-9 assays used herein may be performed by the below mentioned general methods and procedures. It should be appreciated that where typical or preferred process conditions (e.g. reaction temperatures, times, molar ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, pH etc) are given, other process conditions may also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants, solvents used and pH etc., but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.

Identification of the substances was made by HRMS (Micromass Q-tof micro) and NMR (Bruker Ultrashield 400 plus, 400 MHz). Chemical shifts are reported downfield from Me₄Si using residual CHD₂CI (7.26 ppm) or CHD₂OD (3.35 ppm) as reference. Chemical shifts and coupling constants were obtained from ¹H-NMR and proton resonances were assigned from COSY experiments. Purification was made by RF-HPLC (Beckman, system gold) or flash chromatography, using silica gel (Davisil 35-70 μm, 60 Å). Reactions were followed by TLC (Aluminum sheet, silica gel 60 F254) visualized with UV light, H₂SO₄ (aq) or an iso-vanillin/H₂SO₄/EtOH development solution. THF and Et₂O were dried over sodium/benzophenone and distilled. CH₂Cl₂ was dried by molecular sieves (4 Å, 1.6 mm). Other solvents and reagents were commercially available and used without further purifications. Fluorescence polarization experiments were performed on a PolarStar instrument (BMG, Offenburg; Germany). Evaluation of 20-34 as inhibitors of galectins was performed by use of fluorescence polarization as described in the literature (Sorme et al., 2003a, 2004). Galectin concentrations and fluorescent probe choice and concentrations were as described in Cumpstey et al. 2005a, except for galectin-3 for which the probe tdga-probe described in Salomonsson et al. 2010 was used at 20 nM together with galectin-3 at 200 nM concentrations. Each inhibitor was tested in duplicate at several concentrations between 4 and 0.25 μM. All fluorescence polarization experiments were conducted at 20° C., except galectin-7 for which experiments were conducted at 0° C.

Synthesis of di-(3-O-propargyl-(-D-galactopyranosyl)-sulfane (Compound 4)

To a solution of compound 1 (2.0 g, 4.58 mmol, Giguere et al. 2006) in dry dichloromethane (20 mL) was added molecular bromine (0.26 mL, 5.04 mmol) and the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min when the TLC showed complete conversion of the starting material to a slightly faster moving component. The excess bromine was neutralized with cyclopentene and the solvents were evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using n-hexane-EtOAc (2:1) to afford pure compound 2 (1.52 g, 82%) as colourless thick syrup. Having concerned with susceptible stability of compound 2, it was considered in further reaction without its analytical characterization. To the half amount (0.76 g, 1.87 mmol) of compound 2 in dry acetonitrile (15 ml) was added thiourea (0.14 g, 1.86 mmol) under continuous flow of nitrogen and the mixture was allowed to reflux at 80° C. for 4 h when the TLC using mobile phase n-hexane-EtOAc (2:1) confirmed full consumption of 2 to slower moving spot. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temp and subsequently a solution of the second half of compound 2 (0.76 g, 1.87 mmol) in dry acetonitrile was added to the reaction under nitrogen atmosphere followed by catalytic amount of Et₃N and reaction was allowed to stir for overnight. The completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC (mobile phase n-hexane-EtOAc (1:1). The solvents were evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using n-hexane-EtOAc (1:1) to afford pure compound 4 (0.92 g, 72%) as a white solid.

General Experimental Procedure for the Synthesis of Coumarines 20-34

A solution of 4 (1 mmol), tosyl azide (Waser et al. 2006) (2 mmol), CuI (0.1 mmol) and salicylaldehyde (2.2 mmol) in dry THF (5 mL) in a 25 mL round bottomed flask is stirred under nitrogen for 1 hour. Et₃N (2 mmol) is then added slowly via syringe. The resulting solution is allowed to stir at room temperature for 12-24 hours until TLC analysis shows complete conversion of 4 (n-hexane-EtOAc). Solvents are evaporated in vacuo and the residue is dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and washed successively with aqueous NH₄Cl (2×10 mL) and brine (10 mL). The organic layer is separated, dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography using n-hexane-EtOAc as eluent to give compounds 5-19. For compounds 5-7 and 10-19, the residue is dissolved in methanol (50 mL) and methanolic sodium methoxide (0.1 mL, 1 M) is added. (In some cases dichloromethane (10 mL) is added to obtain a clear reaction solution.) Water (0.4 mL) is added after 12-24 hours and after another 12-24 hours the reaction is concentrated. Column chromatography (SiO₂, dichloromethane/methanol, 11:1) afforded >95% pure 20-22 and 25-34. For compounds 8 and 9 the residue is dissolved in methanol/dichloromethane (1:1, 50 mL) and AcCl (5.5 mL) is added slowly. When TLC analysis shows the reaction to be complete (after 2-6 days), the reaction is concentrated. Column chromatography (SiO₂, dichloromethane/methanol, 5:1) afforded >95% pure 23-24.

Selected specific experimental procedure for the synthesis of methoxy-derivative bis-{3-O-[(7-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane (22)

Compound 4 (100 mg, 0.14 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (5 mL). CuI (5.54 mg, 0.029 mmol), 4-methoxy-salicylaldehyde (52.9 mg, 0.35 mmol), TsN₃ (68.6 mg, 0.35 mmol) were added to the above solution and the reaction was stirred under nitrogen at room temperature. After 1 h, Et₃N (80 μL, 0.58 mmol) was injected slowly and the resulting solution was allowed to stir at room temperature for 12 h when TLC showed complete conversion of 4 (n-hexane-EtOAc, 1:3)). Solvents were evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and washed successively with aqueous NH₄Cl (2×10 mL) and brine (10 mL). The organic layer was separated, dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in MeOH and NaOMe was added to it with few drops of CH₂Cl₂to make the clear solution. The reaction mixture was stirred for 12 h and then added 0.4 mL of water and again left the reaction mixture at room temperature for 12 h. After the completion of the reaction, it was neutralized with DOWEX H⁺ resin. Filtered the reaction mixture and evaporated the solvent in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, dichloromethane/methanol, 10:1) to afford pure compound 22 (85 mg, 83%).

Selected Specific Experimental Procedure for the Synthesis of methoxy-derivative bis-{3-O-[(5,6-difluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane (32)

Compound 4 (300 mg, 0.437 mmol) and CuI (16.6 mg, 0.087 mmol) were stirred in dry THF (3 mL) under argon. 5,6-Difluoro-salicylaldehyde (166 mg, 1.05 mmol) and Et₃N (146 μL, 1.05 mmol) were added, followed by dropwise addition of TsN₃ (207 mg, 1.05 mmol). After 1.5 h at 20° C., silica gel (1.5 g) was added and solvents were evaporated in vacuo providing a free flowing solid. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography, loading the material onto a silica gel column (25 g) and eluting with 0→25% acetone in toluene. The product was obtained as an off-white powder (500 mg). The residue (500 mg, 0.383 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and methanol (20 mL). A 25 wt % solution of sodium methoxide in methanol was added dropwise to pH 11. The mixture was stirred for 18 h at 20° C. Water (80 μL) was charged and the mixture was stirred for a further 24 h. The reaction was neutralised by the addition of solid CO₂ pellets, then silica gel (1.2 g) was added. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to provide a free flowing solid. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography, loading the material onto a silica gel column (25 g) and eluting with 0→25% methanol in CH₂C1₂. The product 32 was isolated as a white solid (105 mg, 29%).

Data for Obtained Compounds

Bis-{3-O-[(2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (20)

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ: 8.21 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.68 (d, 2H, J7.6 Hz, ArH), 7.59 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.39 (m, 4H, ArH), 4.61-4.54 (m, 6H, CH₂Ar, H-1), 4.02 (bs, 2H, H-4), 3.60 (t, 2H, J 9.6 Hz, H-2), 3.52 (m,4H, H-6^(a), H-6^(b)), 3.39 (m, 4H, H-3, H-5). ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 100 MHz) δ: 159.7, 152.5, 138.6, 131.3, 128.1, 126.2, 124.7, 119.1, 116.1 (ArC) 83.2 (C-1), 82.6, 78.9, 69.2, 65.2, 65.0, 60.3. HRMS calculated for C₃₂H₃₄NaO₁₄S (M+Na)⁺: 695.1567; found 697.1582.

Bis-{3-O-[(7-chloro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane (21)

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ: 8.20 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.77 (bs, 2H, ArH), 7.64 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.48 (d, 2H, J 9.2 Hz, ArH), 4.46-4.53 (m, 6H, CH₂Ar, H-1), 4.03 (bs, 2H, H-4), 3.64-3.35 (m, 8H, H-2, H-6a, H-6^(b), H-3, H-5). ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 100 MHz) δ: 159.7, 151.4, 137.7, 131.1, 128.7, 127.8, 127.4, 120.7, 118.4 (ArC) 83.4 (C-1), 82.6, 79.1, 69.4, 65.6, 65.3, 60.6. HRMS calculated for C₃₂H₃₂C1₂O₁₄SNa (M+Na)⁺: 765.0788; found 765.0791.

Bis-{3-O-[(7-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (22)

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ: 8.15 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.60 (d, 2H, J8.8 Hz, ArH), 7.03 (d, 2H, J 8.6Hz, ArH), 6.98 (dd, 4H, J 2.5, 8.6 Hz, ArH), 5.20 (brs, 2H, HO-2), 4.61 (d, 2H, J 10 Hz, H-1), 4.51 (bABq, 4H, J 14.8 Hz, CH₂Ar), 4.03 (bs, 2H, H-4), 3.84 (s, 6H, OCH₃), 3.63-3.48 (m, 6H, H-2, H-6a, H-6^(b)), 3.36 (m, 4H, H-3, H-5). ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 100 MHz) δ: 162.2, 160.4, 154.6, 139.5, 129.3, 122.4, 112.8, 100.7 (ArC) 83.2 (C-1), 82.8, 79.0, 69.3, 65.4, 65.1, 60.4, 56.1 (OCH₃). HRMS calculated for C₃₄H₃₈O₁₆SNa (M+Na)⁺: 757.1778; found 757.1781.

Bis-{3-O-[(7-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (23) ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ: 10.49 (s, 2H, HO-Ar), 8.11 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.50 (d, 2H, J 8.0 Hz, ArH), 6.82 (dd, 2H, J 2.4 Hz, 8.4 Hz, ArH), 6.74 (d, 2H, J 2.0 Hz, ArH), 5.20 (d, 2H, J 6.0 Hz, HO-2), 4.62 (m, 6H, H-1, HO-4, HO-6), 4.54 (ABq, 4H, J 14.4 Hz, CH₂Ar), 4.02 (br s, 2H, H-4), 3.60 (m, 6H, H-2, H-6), 3.39 (m, 4H, H-3, H-5). LRMS (ESI) m/z: 729.1 [M+Na]⁺

Bis-{3-O-[(6-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (24)

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ: 9.73 (s, 2H, HO-Ar), 8.14 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.27 (d, 2H, J 8.8 Hz, ArH), 7.02 (m, 4H, J 2.8 Hz, 8.8 Hz, ArH), 5.26 (d, 2H, J 5.6 Hz, HO-2), 4.64 (m, 6H, H-1, HO-4, HO-6), 4.58 (ABq, 4H, J 15.2 Hz, CH₂Ar), 4.02 (br s, 2H, H-4), 3.65 (m, 2H, H-2), 3.52 (m, 4H, H-6), 3.39 (m, 4H, H-3, H-5). LRMS (ESI) m/z: 729.2 [M+Na]⁺.

Bis-{3-O-[(3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran-3-on-2-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane (25)

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ: 9.09 (s, 2H, ArH), 8.61 (d, 2H, J8 Hz, ArH), 8.18 (d, 2H, J 8.8 Hz, ArH), 8.08 (d, 2H, J 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.79 (m, 2H, J 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.65 (m, 2H, J 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.62 (d, 2H, J 8.8 Hz, ArH), 5.60 (d, 2H, J 5.6 Hz, HO-2), 4.79 (d, 2H, J 4.8 Hz, HO-4), 4.67 (m, 8H, H-1, CH₂Ar, HO-6), 4.09 (br s, 2H, H-4), 3.76 (m, 2H, H-2), 3.58 (m, 4H, H-6), 3.47 (m, 4H, H-3, H-5). LRMS (ESI) m/z: 796.9 [M+Na]⁺.

Bis-{3-O-[(6-tert-butyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (26)

¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ: 8.08 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.55 (dd, 2H, J 2.4, 7.2, Hz, ArH), 7.53 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.17 (m, 2H, ArH), 4.64 (d, 2H, J 9.9 Hz, H-1), 4.54 (dABq, 4H, J 1.3, 14.3 Hz, CH₂Ar), 4.10 (bd, 2H, J 2.6 Hz, H-4), 3.74 (dd, 4H, J 4.2, 11.5 Hz, H-6a), 3.73 (dd, 2H, J 9.4, 11.4 Hz, H-2), 3.61 (dd, 2H, J 4.7, 11.5 Hz, H-6^(b)), 3.50 (brdd, 2H, J 4.9, 6.1 Hz, H-5), 3.41 (dd, 2H, J 3.2, 9.2 Hz, H-3) 1.26 (s, 18H, tBu). HRMS calculated for C₄₀H₅₀NaO₁₄S (M+Na)⁺: 809.2819; found 809.2839.

Bis-{3-O-[(6-chloro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (27)

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ: 8.20 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.78 (d, 2H, J2.5 Hz, ArH), 7.64 (dd, 2H, J 2.5, 8.8, Hz, ArH), 7.48 (d, 2H, J 8.8 Hz, ArH), 5.21 (d, 2H, J 5.8 Hz, HO-2), 4.62 (m, 6H, H-1, HO-4, HO-6), 4.54 (dABq, 4H, J 1.3, 14.6 Hz, CH₂Ar), 4.03 (br s, 2H, H-4), 3.64-3.36 (m, 8H, H-2, H-3, H-5, H-6). HRMS calculated for C₃₂H₃₂Cl₂NaO₁₄S (M+Na)⁺: 765.0788; found 765.0807.

Bis-{3-O-[(6-fluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane (28)

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ: 8.20 (brs, 2H, ArH), 7.50 (m, 6H, ArH), 7.64 (dd, 2H, J 2.5, 8.8, Hz, ArH), 7.48 (d, 2H, J 8.8 Hz, ArH), 5.21 (brs, 2H, HO-2), 4.60 (m, 10H, H-1, HO-4, HO-6, CH₂Ar), 4.03 (br s, 2H, H-4), 3.69-3.25 (m, 8H, H-2, H-3, H-5, H-6). HRMS calculated for C₃₂H₃₂F₂NaO₁₄S (M+Na)⁺: 733.1379; found 733.1411.

Bis-{3-O-[(6,7-difluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (29)

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ: 8.17 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.80 (dd, 2H, J 8.8, 10.3 Hz, ArH), 7.73 (dd, 2H, J 6.8, 11.1 Hz, ArH), 4.60 (d, 2H, J 9.8 Hz, H-1), 4.53 (ABq, 4H, J 1.3, 14.9 Hz, CH₂Ar), 4.02 (br d, J 2.4 Hz, 2H, H-4), 3.62 (t, 2H, J 9.8 Hz, H-2), 3.54, 3.38 (2m, 8H, H-2, H-3, H-5, H-6). HRMS calculated for C₃₂H₃₀F₄NaO₁₄S (M+Na)⁺: 769.1190; found 769.1222.

Bis-{3-O-[(5-chloro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (30)

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ: 8.41 (brs, 2H, ArH), 7.60 (brt, 2H, J 8.2 Hz, ArH), 7.51 (dd, 2H, J 1.1, 8.0, Hz, ArH), 7.44 (brd, 2H, J 8.2 Hz, ArH), 4.62 (d, 2H, J 9.7 Hz, H-1), 4.58 (dABq, 4H, J 1.7, 15.9 Hz, CH₂Ar), 4.05 (br d, 2H, J 2.7 Hz, H-4), 3.64 (t, 2H, J 9.4 Hz, H-2), 3.55 (dd, 2H, J 6.5, 11.5 Hz, H-6^(a)), 3.50 (dd, 2H, J 6.1, 11.5 Hz, H-6^(b)), 3.40 (dd, 2H, J 3.1, 9.2 Hz, H-3). HRMS calculated for C₃₂H₃₂Cl₂NaO₁₄S (M+Na)⁺: 765.0788; found 765.0793.

Bis-{3-O-[(5-fluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane (31)

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ: 8.32 (brs, 2H, ArH), 7.62 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.27 (m, 4H, ArH), 5.31 (brs, 2H, HO-2), 4.61 (m, 10H, H-1, HO-4, HO-6, CH₂Ar), 4.03 (br s, 2H, H-4), 3.68-3.35 (m, 10H, H-2, H-3, H-5, H-6). HRMS calculated for C₃₂H₃₂F₂NaO₁₄S (M+Na)⁺: 733.1379; found 733.1407.

Bis-{3-O-[(5,6-difluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane (32)

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ: 8.35 (brs, 2H, ArH), 7.70 (brq, 2H, J 5.4 Hz, ArH), 7.34 (brd, 4H, J 4.4 Hz, ArH), 5.35 (brd, 2H, J 5.6 Hz, HO-2), 4.61 (m, 10H, H-1, HO-4, HO-6, CH₂Ar), 4.04 (br s, 2H, H-4), 3.69-3.36 (m, 10H, H-2, H-3, H-5, H-6). HRMS calculated for C₃₂H₃₀F₄NaO₁₄S (M+Na)⁺: 769.1190; found 769.1220.

Bis-{3-O-[(6-trifluoromethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (33)

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ: 8.27 (brs, 2H, ArH), 7.73 (brs, 2H, ArH), 7.61 (brdd, 2H, J 2.3, 8.6 Hz, ArH), 7.57 (d, 2H, J 9.0 Hz, ArH), 5.21 (brs, 2H, HO-2), 4.62 (m, 4H, HO-4, HO-6), 4.62 (d, 2H, J 9.7 Hz, H-1), 4.56 (bABq, 4H, J 11.8 Hz, CH₂Ar), 4.04 (br s, 2H, H-4), 3.64-3.50 and 3.43-3.35 (2m, 10H, H-2, H-3, H-5, H-6). HRMS calculated for C₃₄H₃₂F₆NaO₁₆S (M+Na)⁺: 865.1213; found 865.1247.

Bis-{3-O-[(7-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane (34).

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ: 8.20 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.56 (d, 2H, J7.9 Hz, ArH), 7.26 (s, 2H, ArH), 7.20 (brd, 2H, J 6.9 Hz, ArH), 4.61 (d, 2H, J 9.8 Hz, H-1), 4.53 (dABq, 4H, J 15.2 Hz, CH₂Ar), 4.03 (brs, 2H, H-4), 3.63 (t, 2H, J 9.4 Hz, H-2), 3.55 (m, 4H, H-6), 3.58-3.48 (dd, 2H, J 6.1, 11.5 Hz, H-6^(b)), 3.43-3.38 (m, 4H, H-3, H-5). HRMS calculated for C₃₄H₃₈NaO₁₄S (M+Na)⁺: 725.1880; found 725.1904.

Examples of In Vivo Efficacy of Galectin Inhibition in Fibrosis, Inflammation and Cancer Inflammation

As mentioned above, many studies suggest a role for galectin-3 in enhancement of the inflammatory response. For example, the addition of galectin-3 to neutrophil leukocytes from an inflammatory site, or primed by exposure to LPS, results in increased generation of toxic oxygen radicals. Lactose can inhibit this response (Almquist et al., 2001). More recently, key important observations are that galectin-3 is rate-limiting in macrophage differentiation and myofibroblast activation (Mackinnon et al., 2008, Mackinnon et al., 2011), which in turn initiates fibrosis processes. Galectin-3 inhibition was in these models demonstrated to block macrophage differentiation and myofibroblast activation, and hence fibrosis, which indeed validated galectin-3 as a target for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory/fibrotic processes. The substances described in the present invention would be much more effective as inhibitors of the above mentioned responses than lactose because they are much more potent galectin-3 inhibitors. They would also be much more useful in vivo than lactose and the galectin-3C because they are small molecules, more hydrophobic and probably more stable to degradation.

Effect on Inflammatory Bowel Disease

The goal of the study is to demonstrate the ability of galectin-3 inhibitors of the present invention to reduce or eliminate inflammation and/or fibrosis in a model of intestinal inflammation.

Female 8-12-week-old CBA/J mice (Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, ME) receive 20 mg streptomycin in 0.1 M Hank's buffered salt solution (HBSS) to eradicate the commensal microbiota 24 hours prior to infection with 3 106 colony-forming units (cfu) S. typhimurium strain SL1344 in 100 k 0.1 M HEPES buffer (pH 8.0) by oral gavage. Control mice receive 100 k 0.1 M HEPES by oral gavage.

All groups are treated with 0.5 mg/ml levofloxacin beginning day 8, post-infection to allow time for the inflammation and fibrosis to develop but to eradicate the inflammatory response to S. typhimurium.

Mice from selected groups are treated with different doses of the galectin-3 inhibitors starting from either day 1, 8, 9, or 12 and continuing through to termination of the study. Dosing routes employed include oral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and i.v.

Animals are euthanized day 21 post S. typhimurium infection. Cecum and distal colon are dissected, measured, weighed, and photographed. Cecal and distal colon are snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80° C. for molecular analysis and both tissue sections are collected and preserved in formalin for histological analysis.

Sections are assayed for expression of fibrosis and inflammation markers, including TNF-alpha, IL-1, TGF-β, IL-12, IL-6, Galectin-3, IGF-1, and CTGF, using both RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and ELISA techniques. Sections are inspected by an independent pathologists, and scored for degree of inflammation and fibrosis using a standardized scale.

Cancer

As mentioned above, several studies of models of human cancer in mice indicate that enhanced expression of galectin-3 results in faster tumor growth and more metastasis (reviewed by Leffler, 2001 and Takenaka et al in Leffler (editor), 2004b). Injection of a modified polysaccharide (citrus pectin) hypothesized to inhibit galectin-3, but perhaps also other proteins, was reported to diminish prostate cancer in rat (Pienta et al., 1995). A lactosylated steroid was demonstrated to have a therapeutic beneficial effect in lymphoma and glioblastoma models (Ingrassia et al., 2006). A lactusolyl-leucine derivative proposed to inhibit galectin-3 have been evidenced to enhance sensitivity of tumor cells to Taxol-induced apoptosis in vivo (Glinsky et al., 2009). Hence, potent small-molecule inhibitors of galectin-3 are expected to have similar anticancer effects as galectin-3C (John et al., 2003).

Model of Cancer

Groups of CD-1 nude mice are xenografted subcutaneously with a cells from a human tumour cell line. Treatments are initiated when tumor growth reached approximately 130 mm³. Mice are divided into groups and treatments are administered at various frequencies and doses from this time and include vehicles and active control substances as well as galectin-3 inhi-bitors of the present invention. The tumor growths and body weight change are followed for 28 days.

Model of Lung Inflammation and Fibrosis

Female C57/B16 mice (10-14 weeks old) are anaesthetized with halothane, and bleomycin or saline is administered intratracheally (33 μg in 50 μl of saline) and lungs harvested on day 26. Different doses of one or more of the galectin-3 inhibitor(s) according to the invention is/are instilled into the lungs of mice on days 18, 20, 22 and 24 after the bleomycin induced lung injury. Fibrosis is assessed by histological score of collagen stained lung sections and by total collagen content by Sircol assay as described in MacKinnon et al. 2012.

Effect on Alveolar Epithelial Cells

Primary alveolar epithelial cells from WT mice are plated and treated with TGF-β1 in the presence or absence of the galectin-3 inhibitor. Cells are lysed and analyzed for active β-catenin, total β-catenin and β-actin by western blot.

Immunohistochemistry

Paraffin-embedded sections of mouse tissue are stained with Masson's trichrome and haemotoxylin and eosin (H&E) as per manufacturer's instructions. Sections are processed for immunohistochemistry and the following primary antibodies used: mouse anti-active (ABC) beta-catenin (Millipore) and sections visualized and quantified.

Determination of Lung Fibrosis and Inflammation

Histological lung inflammation and fibrosis score are carried out in Masson's trichrome stained sections. Inflammation (peribronchiolar, perivascular, and alveolar wall thickness) scored in >5 random fields at magnification ×630 using the following system (peribronchiolar and perivascular, 1=no cells, 2=<20 cells, 3=20−100 cells, 4=>100 cells; alveolar wall thickness, 1=no cells, 2=2−3 cells thick, 3=4−5 cells thick, 4=>5 cells thick). The combined inflammatory score is the sum of these scores. Fibrosis score is evaluated as the area of the section positively stained for collagen (1=none, 2=<10%, 3=<50%, 4=>50%). Only fields where the majority of the field is composed of alveoli are scored.

Determination of Lung Collagen by Sircol Assay

Collagen content in the left lung lobe is determined by sircol assay as per manufacturer's instructions. The left lobe is minced in 5 ml of 3 mg/ml pepsin in 0.5 M acetic acid and incubated with shaking at 4° C. for 24 h. Cleared lung extract (0.2 ml) is incubated with 0.8 ml sircol reagent for 1 h at room temperature and precipitated collagen centrifuged at 10,000 g for 5 min at 4° C. Pellets solubilised in 1 ml 1 M NaOH and absorbance measured at 570 nm alongside collagen standards.

Primary Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cell Isolation

Treated and control mouse type II lung alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) are extracted following a standard method. Briefly, 1 ml of 50 U/ml dispase (BD Biosciences) is administered intratracheally into perfused lungs followed by instillation of 0.5 ml of 1% low melting point agarose. The agarose within the upper airways is allowed to set on ice for 2 minutes and the lungs are placed in 4 ml 50 U/ml dispase for 45 min at room temperature. The lung lobes minus the upper airways are then dispersed in DMEM containing 50 pg/ml DNAse I (Sigma-Aldrich, UK). The cell suspension is passed through a 100-μm cell strainer and the cells washed in DMEM followed by resuspension in DMEM containing 10% FCS. The cell suspension is plated onto tissue culture plastic for 1 h to allow any contaminated fibroblasts and macrophages to adhere. Non-adherent epithelial cells are counted and cultured for 2 days on tissue culture plastic or cover-slips pre-coated with 5 μg/ml collagen (AMS Biotechnology) and 10 μg/ml fibronectin (Sigma-Aldrich), Cells are washed three times in PBS before treatment. Epithelial cells are either incubated in DMEM containing 10% FCS, 50 U/ml penicillin, 50 μg/ml streptomycin and 5 μg/ml L-glutamine or transferred to complete mouse media (DMEM/F-12 containing 0.25% BSA, 10 nM hydrocortisone, 5 μg/ml Insulin-Transferrin-Sodium-Selenite (ITS) and supplemented with 0.1 mg/ml sodium succinate, 75 μg/ml succinic acid and 1.8 μg/ml choline bitartrate).

Western Blotting

Cells are lysed in 25 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 0.3 M NaCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM EDTA, 0.5% triton X-100, 0.5 mM dithiothreitol, 1 mM sodium orthovanadate and protease inhibitors (Boehringer Mannheim, Sussex, UK; prepared as per manufacturers instructions). Lysates equilibrated for protein using Pierce BCA protein assay reagent (Pierce) and resolved on 12% SDS-PAGE gels. Western blot analysis undertaken using the following primary antibodies; rabbit anti beta-catenin, (BD Biosciences), rabbit polyclonal anti-beta-actin antibody (Sigma, UK), mouse anti-active (ABC) beta-catenin (Millipore).

Inhibition of Neovascularization

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling though VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) is the primary angiogenic pathway, of which galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins are important modulators.

Neovascularization in the eye is induced in mouse corneas by cauterization using silver nitrate. A group of subjects are sub-conjunctivally injected every other day with one or more of the galectin-3 inhibitor(s) according to the invention in PBS containing 0.5% DMSO. Control subjects are sub-conjunctivally injected with vehicle only (PBS containing 0.5% DMSO only). Another group of subjects are administered eye drops of either 10 μl of vehicle alone or 50 μM galectin-3 inhibitor in vehicle once per day.

After five days of either sub-conjunctival injection treatment or eye drop treatment, subjects are sacrificed, and flat mounts of corneas are excised, photographed, and stained with anti-CD31 to visualize blood vessels.

The density of blood vessels covering the whole cornea is quantified by ImageJ and is analyzed with Student's t test.

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1. A compound of the general formula (I):

wherein: R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl groups, halogens, optionally substituted alkoxy groups, hydroxyl group, substituted carbonyl groups, optionally substituted acyloxy groups, and optionally substituted amino groups, or wherein two, three, four or five of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ in adjacent positions may be linked to form one or more rings, wherein the remaining of R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ is/are independently selected from the above group.
 2. (canceled)
 3. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R⁵ is hydrogen.
 4. A compound according to claim 1, wherein one of R² and R³ is fluoro, the one of R² and R³ that is not fluoro is hydrogen and R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ all are hydrogen.
 5. A compound according to claim 1, wherein one of R³ and R⁴ is a hydroxyl group, the one of R³ and R⁴ that is not a hydroxyl group is hydrogen and R′, R², and R⁵ all are hydrogen.
 6. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R² and R³ are fluoro, and R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ all are hydrogen, or wherein R³ and R¹ are fluoro, and R¹, R² and R⁵ all are hydrogen.
 7. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R² is chloro and R¹, R³, R⁴, and R⁵ all are hydrogen.
 8. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R² and R³ are linked to form a benzene ring and R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ all are hydrogen.
 9. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ all are hydrogen.
 10. A compound according to claim 1, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of: bis-{3-O-[(2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosy}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(7-chloro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(7-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(7-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(6-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran-3-on-2-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(6-tert-butyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(6-chloro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(6-fluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(6,7-difluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(5-chloro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(5-fluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(5,6-difluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(6-trifluoromethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(7-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(7-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(6-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(6-fluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(6,7-difluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(5-chloro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(5-fluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, and bis-{3-O-[(5,6-difluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(6-fluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(6,7-difluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(5-chloro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane, bis-{3-O-[(5-fluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-βD-galactopyranosy}sulfane, and bis-{3-O-[(5,6-difluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane. 11-12. (canceled)
 13. A compound according to claim 1 wherein said compound is bis-{3-O-[(5,6-difluoro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-3-yl)-methyl]-β-D-galactopyranosyl}sulfane.
 14. (canceled)
 15. A composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent, excipient and/or carrier.
 16. A composition comprising from 1 to 99 weight % of a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, diluent, excipient and/or carrier and from 1 to 99 weight % of a compound according to claim
 1. 17-34. (canceled)
 35. A method for treatment of a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin to a ligand in a mammal, wherein a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound according to claim 1 is administered to a mammal in need of said treatment.
 36. (canceled)
 37. The method of claim 35, wherein said galectin is galectin-3.
 38. The method of according to claim 35, wherein said disorder is selected from the group consisting of inflammation, fibrosis, septic shock, cancer, autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, heart disease, heart failure, pathological angiogenesis, and eye diseases.
 39. The method of claim 35 wherein said disorder is fibrosis and the fibrosis is selected from the group consisting of pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, ophtalmological fibrosis and fibrosis of the heart.
 40. The method of claim 35, wherein said disorder is pathological angiogenesis and the pathological angiogenesis is ocular angiogenesis or a disease or condition associated with ocular angiogenesis.
 41. The method of claim 35 wherein said disorder is an eye disease and the eye disease is selected from age-related macular degeneration and corneal neovascularization.
 42. The method of claim 35 wherein said disorder is cancer.
 43. The method of claim 35 wherein said disorder is pathological angiogenesis and the pathological angiogenesis is neovascularization related to cancer. 